HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY (PART - 2) (B.PHARMACY SECOND YEAR SEM-III)#Bpharmacynotes

 HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY (PART 2)

THE GOLDEN ERA:-

The Golden age of microbiology began with the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch who had their own research institute.

LOUIS PASTEUR: He was a professor of chemistry at the University of Lille, France.“Father of modern Microbiology”, as his contributions led to the development of microbiology as a separate scientific discipline.

The concept of spontaneous generation was finally put to rest by the French chemist Louis pasteur in an inspired set of experiments involving a goose necked flask. When he boiled broth in a flask with a straight neck and left it exposed to air, organisms grew. When he did this with his goose-necked flask, nothing grew. The S-shape of this second flask trapped dust particles from the air, preventing them from reaching the broth. By showing that he could allow air to get into the flask but not the particles in the air, Pasteur proved that it was the organisms in the dust that were growing in the broth.

Pasteur, thus in 1858 finally resolved the controversy of spontaneous generation versus biogenesis and proved that microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter but arise from other microorganisms.

 Working on souring of wine and beer, found that alcohol spoilage is due to the growth of undesirable microorganisms, while the desirable microorganisms produce alcohol by a chemical process called “fermentation”. He showed that wine did not spoil, if it is heated to 50-600C for a few minutes. This method is called “pasteurization”, now widely used in dairy units to kill pathogenic microorganisms in milk.

Contribution of Louis Pasteur:

He coined the term “microbiology”, aerobic, anaerobic.

He demonstrated that anthrax was caused by bacteria and also produced the vaccine for the disease.

He developed live attenuated vaccine for the disease.

 Robert Koch (1843-1910): He was a German physician known as “Father of practical bacteriology” He perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture. first isolated the bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax.

He also introduced the use of solid culture media in 1881 by using gelatin as a solidifying agent. In 1882 he discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is popularly called as Koch’s bacillus.

He discovered vibrio cholera, the causative agent of cholera disease.

Koch did a series of experiment to fulfill the criteria laid by his teacher henle to establish the causative role between a particular micro-organism and a particular disease. They are popularly known as Koch’s postulates.

Koch’s four postulates are:

·       The specific organism causing the disease can be found in sick individuals but not in healthy ones.

·       The organism can be isolated and grown in pure culture in the laboratory.

·       The organism must cause the disease when it is introduced into a healthy susceptible animal.

·       The organism must be recovered from the infected animal and shown to be the same as the organism that was introduced.

An additional criterion introduced is that specific antibodies to the causative organism should be demonstrable in patient serum.

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1.      INTRODUCTION OF MICROBIOLOGY

2.      BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY

3.      SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY

4.      HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY {PART 1}

5.       HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY {PART 2}

6.      HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY {PART 3}

7.        PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES DIFFERENCES

8.      MORPHOLOGY OF BACTERIA

9.      ULTRASTRUCTURE OF BACTERIA

1.   NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BACTERIA

1.   RAW MATERIAL USED FOR CULTURE MEDIA

1.   TYPES OF CULTURE MEDIA IN MICROBIOLOGY

1.   PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR GROWTH

1.   GROWTH CURVE OF BACTERIA

1.   MEASUREMENT OF BACTERIAL GROWTH.

1.    ISOLATION OF PURE CULTURE